Akira Kurosawas The Seven Samurai and John Sturges The Magnificent Se

Akira Kurosawas The sevener Samurai and John Sturges The Magnificent Seven The 1954 movie The Seven Samurai, directed by Akira Kurosawa, and its 1960 remake The Magnificent Seven, directed by John Sturges have many similarities for example, the plot of both movies entails farmers hiring mercenaries to help fend off bandits that every year pillage their farms. The two movies also have differences like the characterization of the bandits in The Magnificent Seven as opposed to The Seven Samurai.One of the main similarities amidst the Seven Samurai and Magnificent Seven is the plot. In both movies bandits annually pillage a small village and the farmers are left with barely enough nourishment to survive. In the Magnificent Seven Calvera and his men actually stop in the town and talk to the farmers, however, in Seven Samurai the bandits ride by and are overheard by a farmer about coming back when the barley is ripe. The farmers then have a meeting and decide to hire mercenaries, in Se ven Samurai the farmers usance rice and in Magnificent Seven the farmers offer $20. In both movies the farmers are turned down many times before they find the premier mercenary, and how they find the first mercenary is similar in the sense of the courage they show.In the Seven Samurai the main character Kanbei disguises himself as a monk and saves a child taken hostage. Magnificent Seven shows the main character Chris and his new found partner Vin in a violent confrontation with thugs who are trying...

Religion in the Old Testament :: essays research papers

The Exodus of the Israelites is the equivalent to our present day Fourth of July or Bastille Day to the French. Israelite writers discuss the Exodus the approximately out of any other event in hi baloney. The story of the Exodus is one of the most famous stories of the Old Testament. Three of the most remarkable aspects of the story of Exodus are the call of Moses, the use of plagues as miracles, and the Passover.Moses was a Hebraical who was raised with Egyptian upbringing and education. As he grew he either knew that he was an Israelite or simply sympathized with Israelites in bondage. We know this by the action he took when he saw an Egyptian guard beating on a Hebrew slave. Moses interfered, killed the guard, and buried him. So Moses fled Egypt to Mount Sinai out of fear. This is the location in which God revealed his personal name to Moses and called upon him to lead his people out of the land of Egypt.Miracles are fore-facts of the forthcoming done on a small scale. There had been no appearance of God to anyone for more than four hundred years, so people probably perspective the age of miracles was long gone. The people would not have accepted Moses as Gods spokesperson without some kind of proof. The miracle-plagues were just that. They are significant because of the number of them that were brought forth. There were ten. The number ten is significant to completeness. God verbalise that he would execute judgment against all of the false gods of Egypt, and each plague was said to be directed toward a particular heavenly deity. So the ten plagues reveal the full wrath of Gods judgment on Egypt. The commencement exercise nine Plagues were just God proving that he was more all-powerful than the Egyptian gods. They were simply tricks in comparison to the final one. The tenth plague, the death of the firstborn, was the most powerful of all. This final plague brought death to all Egyptian homes, even the home of the beloved pharaoh, and ensured Israels release from slavery. After this calamity, pharaoh had no choice but open Israel their demands and he even pleaded for blessings from them. This plague destroyed idolatry and showed that life and death are in the hands of God.The first Passover was a night to remember. In formulation for the tenth and final plague, Moses instructed the people to observe the first Passover.

Mongols Essay example -- History, The Indian Ocean Trade

IntroductionBetween 1200 AD to present, there have been many changes in the public preservation. The most important change is how integrated the world economy has become. When countries have a demand for some liaison the first question is where is that supply going to come from. In the end, the way that all nations and places were able to meet their demands was by going internationally and getting it that way. The whole world found a way by sea and land to get the items that they needed and, in the process, committed the whole world through trade. First Question The first types of societies were agricultural and pastoral. Pastoral societies has less productive economies beca riding habit they were nomadic and needed large grazing areas and support smaller populations. They usually organized themselves by family and common ancestry (Strayer 334). The main pastoral classify was the Mongols as they conquered from the Pacific coast of Asia to Eastern Europe (Strayer 342). founder of their large success was their vast network of trade. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a large and interconnect trading system was put in place. (Marks 33) The Mongols did not so much participate in the trade as they did tax it. They provided a secure route for merchants to take the long journey across commutation Asia between Europe and China (Strayer 354). This trade route relied on mostly on middlemen, as it was a series of circuits that were all connected. An item can cast it from Asia to Europe and cross through many hands with the price increasing each time. This trade gave way to the Indian Ocean Trade as sound as the Silk Roads in the fifteenth century. The Silk Roads connected China, Siberia, Central Asia, India, The Middle East, and The Mediterranean B... ...ations. The French and the English created slave-based sugar plantations on the Caribbean Islands (Marks 83). The slaves also became a central part of the economies in colonial America as it kept plantati on agriculture going (Class Notes 12/6/10). The Mongols were the first pastoral group to basically become an empire. Then when China and Europe started to build themselves back up and start voyaging out into the sea, Trade became a worldwide idea. China started to use silver as their currency, which meant that they needed the bulk of the worlds silver in Asia. The rest of the world benefited from trading their silver into Asia. Silver was the first thing that really connected the whole world and specifically incorporated the Americas into their trading network. Then there was the fur and slave trade, which further brought together the world economy as a whole.

ATA Airlines :: essays research papers

On October 23, 2004 ATA Airlines filed for bankruptcy. The Indianapolis-based carrier also said it has agreed to lead astray its hub at Chicagos Midway Airport to AirTran, one of its major competitors, for $87.5 million dollars. Like other airlines operating in bankruptcy, AirTran said it will harbor its full flight schedule and honor its frequent-flier commitments. The tenth-largest U.S. airline by traffic, ATA joins United, US Airways and Hawaiian Airlines in bankruptcy. ATA is the branch major low-co&64817&4355st airline to seek bankruptcy protection. It has capacious been having difficulties by its costly leases, estimated to be about $100 million dollars per year over prevailing market rates. ATA will turn over its slots at sassy Yorks LaGuardia and Washington Reagan National Airport to AirTran and will fly fifteen of its aircraft on AirTran behalf for six months. ATA has not arranged financing during bankruptcy but president J. George Mikelsone said the AirTran deal woul d provide immediate cash infusion while he lines up financing elsewhere. ATA lost $90 million dollars in the first half of this year on revenue of $778 million dollars.ATA Airlines is trying everything they cigaret to strike their company. But they are going to have to wait it out. Some of their opinions is to reorganize, generate to profitability, settle their debts, and be released from bankruptcy or they could go out of business and have their assets auctioned off under court supervision to pay as some(prenominal) of their remaining debts as possible. They say that the bankruptcy could probably go on for many months, perhaps for years. Some airlines, such as Continental Airlines and American West, have reorganized under bankruptcy protection, and are still operating. Several others in the USA, and more in other parts of the world, have gone out of business, sometimes after being in and out of bankruptcy repeatedly. Many people had questions about if they bought tickets for an airline and then they went bankrupt what should they do? They need to wait and see. You cant get retroactive insurance. Also be prepared for schedule changes, flight cancellations, or other disruptions of your plans, before or during your trip, possibly with little or no warning. Another thing is if you have electronic tickets, consider going to the airlines ticket counter at an airport, or one of its metropolis ticket offices, and paying to get your ticket converted to paper tickets.

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction Essay -- Biology

Cocaine and the Brain The Neurobiology of dependency In the eyes of the common, the intelligence service addict stirs up a negative render a person of low moral character who willfully chooses to engage in questionable behavior. This image is perpetuated in the media on a recent episode of E.R., the chief surgeon criticizes another doctor for allowing a heroin addict (who has been treated for an abscess) to exchange a dirty needle, explaining we dont want these low-lives hanging around the hospital. The social stigma attached to addicts reflects the great gap that exists between scientific knowledge and public perception of addiction. Just as mental illness was viewed as a social problem instead of a medical issue until the last several(prenominal) decades, drug addiction continues to be seen as a character flaw instead of as the biological problem that it is.As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by three major elements (a) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (b) loss of control in limiting intake, and (c) emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented (1). This disorder results from the repeated use of a drug over a prolonged period of time, causing physical changes in the brain.Perhaps the most addictive of drugs is cocaine. Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the marrow accumbens (NAc). (2). This pathway is also known as the reward pathway as it is the area of the brain that is activated when someone has a pleasurable experience much(prenominal) as eating, sex, or receiving praise. (NOTE The reward pathway was discovered through the technique of... ...se%2fform%2facademic%2fs_genjourn_more.html%25a3AD_FORM%25a4s_genjourn%25a3T1%25a4cocaine%20addiction%25a3S1%25a4Title%25a3S2%25a4AND%25a3T2%25a4Morris%2c%20Kelly%25a3S3%25a4author%25a3S4%25a4AND%25a3T3%2 5a4%25a3S5%25a4Title%25a3date%25a4AFT%25a3after%25a45%3aYR%25a3frm_rng%25a4%25a3to_rng%25a4%25a3srccat%25a4GENMED%3bALLJNL%25a3source%25a4$srccat%25a3pubtitle%25a4%22The%20Lancet%22%25a3srclf%25a4%25a3srclf_group%25a4%25a3srclf_title%25a4%25a3&wchp=dGLSzS-lSlAl&_md5=9d45ca951ebfccd3b6596b38d0b83ce719) Combining Drug Counseling Methods Proves Effective in Treating Cocaine Addiction , Information on drug counseling http//www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N5/Combining.html20) Coping Skills Help Patients Recognize and Resist the Urge to Use Cocaine , Information on therapy for cue-induced relapse http//www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N6/Coping.html

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction Essay -- Biology

Cocaine and the Brain The Neurobiology of Addiction In the eyes of the public, the word addict stirs up a negative get word a person of low moral character who willfully chooses to engage in questionable behavior. This image is perpetuated in the media on a recent sequel of E.R., the chief surgeon criticizes another doctor for allowing a heroin addict (who has been treated for an abscess) to exchange a dirty needle, explaining we dont want these low-lives temporary removal around the hospital. The social stigma attached to addicts reflects the great gap that exists between scientific knowledge and public perception of addiction. Just as mental ailment was viewed as a social problem instead of a medical issue until the last several decades, drug addiction continues to be seen as a character flaw instead of as the biological problem that it is.As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a chronically retrogression disorder that is characterized by three major elements (a) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (b) loss of control in limiting intake, and (c) emergence of a negative ruttish state when access to the drug is prevented (1). This disorder results from the repeated use of a drug over a prolonged period of time, causing physical changes in the brain.Perhaps the most addictive of drugs is cocaine. Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (2). This pathway is also known as the satisfy pathway as it is the area of the brain that is activated when someone has a pleasurable experience such as eating, sex, or receiving praise. (NOTE The reward pathway was observed through the technique of... ...se%2fform%2facademic%2fs_genjourn_more.html%25a3AD_FORM%25a4s_genjourn%25a3T1%25a4cocaine%20addiction%25a3S1%25a4Title%25a3S2%25a4AND%25a3T2%25a4Morris%2c%20Kelly%25a3S3%25a4author%25a3S4%25a4AND%25a3T3%25a4%25a3S5%25a4Title%25a3d ate%25a4AFT%25a3after%25a45%3aYR%25a3frm_rng%25a4%25a3to_rng%25a4%25a3srccat%25a4GENMED%3bALLJNL%25a3source%25a4$srccat%25a3pubtitle%25a4%22The%20Lancet%22%25a3srclf%25a4%25a3srclf_group%25a4%25a3srclf_title%25a4%25a3&wchp=dGLSzS-lSlAl&_md5=9d45ca951ebfccd3b6596b38d0b83ce719) Combining Drug Counseling Methods Proves Effective in Treating Cocaine Addiction , Information on drug counseling http//www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N5/Combining.html20) coping Skills Help Patients Recognize and Resist the Urge to Use Cocaine , Information on therapy for cue-induced relapse http//www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N6/Coping.html

Akeelah and the Bee ( Movie Analysis)

I. Tittle Akeelah and the Bee II. Setting Give the general place (for ensample the country) and the general time (example in what period of Akeelahs life and student life) the story happens. Chensaw Middle School- At the start of the movie. Woodland Hires Middle School- The District spell Bee. Sripps National Quiz Bee- Its in the National spell out Bee III. Characters each incomplete sentence. 1. Akeelah Anderson- Shes the main character in the story and a goodness speller. She won the national spelling bee. 2. Dr. Joshua Larabee- Hes the trainer of Akeelah who help her win the contest. . Tanya Anderson- Shes the mother of Akeelah who does not support her at the first time. 4. Mr. Welch- Hes the principal in Chensaw Middle School. 5. Javier Mendez- Hes the first best friend of Akeelah in the Spelling Bee and he is also inlove with her. 6. Dylan Chui- Hes the first competitor of Akeelah. He was also the two years 2nd place in the Quiz Bee. 7. Kiana Anderson- Shes the elder sister of Akeelah. She saw the objector cheating which helped Akeelah to qualify in the top 10. 8. Devon Anderson- Hes the brother of Akeelah and played as coach of Akeelah. 9.Terrence Anderson- Hes the younger brother of Akeelah. 10. Georgia- Shes the best friend of Akeelah. 11. Derrick T. Hes the Hip Hop boy who help to coach Akeelah. 12. Mr. Chui- Hes the competitive father of Dylan. He eer scold his son about winning. IV. Plot A. Exposition or Introduction- The part that Akeelah got the paper with the grade of 100% B. Development or Rising Action- When Akeelah started to join the Spelling Bees. C. Climax- It happened in the National Spelling Bee. D. Denouement or Falling Action- Akeelah and Dylan win the Spelling Bee. E. Ending-Its where they go back to theyre place with trophy.V. Explain why the lessons in life that you learned from the movie about the following A. Honesty- The moral uprightness or being being fair and truthful. B. Racial Discrimination- It is being intact competiti ve about the fight or competition and you dont know that your discriminating yourself or the people around you. C. Rapport and camaraderie among students- Its being friendly to other or the mutual liking to your fellow students and a sense that they understand and shares each others concern and having keep mum friendship. D. Self-Confidence- it is having confidence that you have this abilities and you can do that thing.

Project Management Essay

Scope of ProjectSince the view involves mega budget the evaluation and study of stove is necessary, to find if the country is prep ared for such(prenominal)(prenominal) mega budget projects or not. In spite of having most of the odds against and the broader scrap in front of owners, it is commendable the outcome they produced. The first Formula 1racing was deluxe success in India it in any case saw the attendance of viewers to a greater extent than 100,000. The earthly concern class feeling produced in short span of time was commendable. subsequently the grand success of first two editions of Indian Grand Prix this project has silenced the critics to an extent. The Indian GP boosted the economy, as it saw major boost in hotel industry. The hotel charges in Delhi and NOIDA were make upd by 50% to 80% during the event. Travel and transportation services to a fault made merry, while there was huge consumption increase for food and beverages. The recipe 1 motor sport is huge mo ney spinner and it is expected to bring more money in future.The assumption for revenues from F1s commercial pays go out reach $3.3bn in 2016, according to a report by Formula Money with sponsorship in 2011 returning fast. The research, based on entropy contained in the new edition of the annual Formula Money report, predicts that revenues for the sports commercial rights h erstwhile(a), the Formula One Group, will rise at a rate of 12.7 percent a year reaching $3,253m in five years time. Buddh International Circuit project was questioned as it was build keeping in the mind of Formula 1 Racing where Indian presentation is real less. There is only one Indian Team Force India co-owned by Dr. Vijay Malya that also has all unk todayn drivers. The only Indian driver who features in Formula 1 race is Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT.Seeing the response of first two F1 races experts are real much hope full about the success of such projects. Motor sport will develop in India h owever, it will take time, Dr. Malya in an goop interview quoted F1is not short term project, he gave example of champion team Red bull and the progress they made in 7 years. The some former(a) countries like Malaysia and China have al desexualise ventured into Formula 1 race business. about of the countries see it as investment to boost their tourism sector more than the sporting activity and indeed it does champion in generating revenue in foreign currency as sport is having global presence and fans and followers in large numbers who travel across the globe for the love of sport.Economic ActivityThe project started with a mega budget of $400 million dollar. It had a great impact upon the economy. It brought India on the map of global motor sport, which is considered to be the biggest money spinning sport in the worldaccording to study conducted, the popularity of the sport foot be measured by the fact that it had television viewers of 527 million Formula One world championshi p. Formula Ones economic effects and creation of jobs are significant, and its financial and political battles are widely reported. Its towering profile and popularity make it a merchandising surround, which results in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors.Critics may question this project as the cost of the project is very high the track alone cost around $120 million and the operational cost of the travel is $15 million to $20 million. Apart from the huge investment that Budhh International project has incurred, it is delivering rich dividends. The huge success of inaugural Indian Grand Prix which was full mark already indicated the future of such projects in India. It has helped India gaining revenue from foreign countries. It will also give India exposure to high technology.The SiteBuddh International Circuit is deal(p) in great Noida in the outskirts of Delhi. Greater Noida falls within the National Capital Region of Indias capital New Delhi and is adjacent to Noida, one of the largest industrial townships in Asia. It is located 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the south-east of New Delhi and 20 kilometers (12 mi) south-east of Noida. The Government of Uttar Pradesh then decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida, as an reference book to Noida, but with better planning, incorporating the lessons learned from the Noida exploitation. The place is a perfect location for Budhh International Circuit as it takes only about 2.5 hours of road travel from Delhi reservation it easier even for fans of formula 1 coming for outside of the country for the love sport.Connecting the city to Agra is Yamuna Express way six lane express way which was once known as Taj Expressway. The circuit is part of the 2,500 acres (10 km2) Jaypee Greens Sports City, Greens Sports City home which also includes a 100,000 position cricket stadium, 18-hole golf course, 25,000 seat field hockey stadium and a sports academy have been planned. The sports complex is expected to cost 40 billion ($820 million) and generate $170m of revenue annually, and employ 10,000 tidy sum.Infrastructural instructionThe projects like BIC boost infrastructural maturation in the area. It has encouraged the urbanization of the area. It is sign of fast out obtainthal bringth of the area. With infrastructure giant like Jaypee Group go into in the area, they can take the development to whole new level. The Jaypee Group is a conglomerate based in Noida, India. It was founded by Jaiprakash Gaur which is involved in well diversified infrastructure conglomerate with business interests in Engineering & Construction, Power, Cement, Real Estate and Hospitality. The project BIC has improved the interest of the pot in considering Greater Noida as residential place. The other industries have also acknowledged the development in the area and now they are seeking this as an opportunity to grow their business and moving their business to the town.Such Mega projects not only require big budgets, they also required enhanced technology in order to culture the project on time. The Mega projects like BIC can not be accomplished without the use of high technology in other words these projects also introduced high technologies to this area in order to boos the urbanization at fast ill-treat. The urbanization of the area is helping in improving the quality of life of the people alimentation in the area as they get to enjoy world class facility. The service level and quality of various important services such as hospitals and educational institutes has improved to great deal. The urbanization always attracts investment from company which will mean consumer will have more option and better quality of service.Trade and TourismsThe Buddh circuit has been built as a flagship development for a bigger project a new town with a population of several(prenominal) hundred thousand, which will have malls, sports and education fac ilities, and will sit astride a new motorway linking it to Delhi, 32km away, and Agra, 190km away. The Buddh International circuit has brought, boost to the tourism and softwood both as it has increased the number of foreign visitors who come follow the Formula 1 race. The world class architecture and the facilities available at the circuit give fans run for their money. The hospitality sector has gained a lot from the projects like Budhh International Circuit. Because of thenumber of event this circuit is hosting, they getting increase numbers of foreign visitors. Hospitality sector will improve their status, as the auto-racing events might bring in great effects of tourism into the country. It promotes the country not only as one of the tourist attraction but will also attract sport lovers from all over the world.Hotel industry is expecting growth in their business as the people who come to watch events like Formula One try to find accommodation in near by location. It is also ge nerating business opportunities for other sectors related to travel and transportation. The teams carry their own machines and equipments while venturing in such competitions which require good and fast moving transportation facilities. Hotel and the hospitality industry will benefit greatly from Formula One Entertainment as they would provide accommodation and food for their staff. The number of visitors expected to increase as the BIC is all set to stage Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in 2013. Increase number of events will definitely boost the foreign currency inflow to the country and will help to build and promote Indian tourism Industry.Environmental EffectsDespite all the benefits from the BIC, there are several undeniable impacts it has on the environment. The new development will mean more pollution issues. The population are concerned that their health will be jeopardized by there recent increase of development. The motorsport adds to conduct and mental disorder pol lution as the roaring sound of the engine creates noise pollution, as result you may find most of the people watching formula 1 race in circuit wearing ear plugs. And this is a life threatening sport as cars run at alarming reanimate at which accident can easily take place jeopardizing the life or car drivers and others.Cultural EffectsThe development projects like BIC have changed the environment from agriculture base to new developed town. The state government has taken land from framers for this Mega project, which is a part bigger infrastructural development in this part of the state. The development has produced both employment and unemployment. Even though there are a lot of job opportunities since so much of development has happened, people facingchallenge as they have re-skill themselves. Developments in area, which once lack of modern facilities has offered more schools for the childrens education, better hospital facilities, and more job opportunities. With the area getti ng internationalist exposure more and more companies willing to invest in land here.Real estate business in the area has really picked up the pace as the rate of the land moving up high, creating business opportunities, as more and more people willing to invest in land here. Most of the Formula 1 fans are from western countries and the Indian will get too much exposure from the western cultures and determine. This does not imply that the western cultures and values are negative but rather does not fit into the way of life of the Indian cultures. This might created what is called the generation gap between the younger generations and the older generations as the younger generations are influenced by western cultures while the older generations are by the traditional Indian cultures.The ControversyThe disparity between headline-grabbing projects such as the Buddh circuit and the poverty that surrounds them has been well documented. But the myriad conflicts generated by the transform ation of India are heard about less often. The track has been greeted with fanfare in journalist and sporting circles, and with legislation and protests elsewhere. Public-interest litigation was filed against the government of Uttar Pradesh, the state where the complex is located, and the Jaypee Group. The PIL claimed that because Formula One is an elitist sport, the state government has no right to exempt Jaypee from stipendiary entertainment taxes, alleging that the exemption was granted only because the company is very close to the political leadership. In order to construct the circuit, the lands of some three hundred farmers were purchased by the state government. However, in August 2011 three months before the inaugural race the farmers in question expressed dissatisfaction with the project and threatened to dismantle the circuit with potency if necessary, demanding more money and stating that they felt the land should have been zoned for industrial estates to generate mor e employment in the area.Meanwhile, farmers on whose land the circuit now stands continue to protest. The land was bought by the state government in 2007 for the development of roads and industry.Farmers complained they had not received the compensation or jobs they were promised. Bhatta-Parsaul made headlines in the spend when police attacked farmers who had been protesting about the compulsory purchase of their lands by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Allegations of police brutality and violence provoked by land disputes are commonplace. This is particularly authorized on the outskirts of cities where exploding populations, growing wealth and rampant property speculation combine with repressive colonial-era laws and corrupt officials.ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to evaluate the project and retick the feasibility of such mega budget project and to see if India the country which is still going through economical reforms and the county which having high Power Distance I ndex is ready for such mega budget projects. The study focuses upon the scope that project such as Buddh International Circuit carries. It takes upon the Formula 1 motor sports, potential for generating revenue and its scope in India. It also takes on its impact of economy and revenue generation. The number of business and employment opportunity it provides. Also take on its impact on the tourism industry in India and other sub industry in India. Bearing the fact in min it provides excellent international exposure for India as the sports is banking upon huge media coverage. It is having such a large viewership which only considered second to Olympic. Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory around the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race.According to the reports year 2011 saw global viewers 515 million. The precise figures for year 2012 a re not available. However, there seems to be decline in the number of viewers for year 2012. The study also takes a look at the Indian representation at Formula 1. The only Indian Formula 1 driver Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT in an interview said it is very difficult to break in to Formula 1 circuit. However, the future of this sport is bright in India as, people in India have more knowledge about the sport unlike China where it is limited to Shanghai only. The Indian Team Force India performed well in the both the edition of the Indian Grand Prix. However, the performance was better inthe inaugural Grand Prix. The study also focuses upon the F1s impact on culture, environment and controversy related to the BIC project, the controversy which created political issues in the territory.6. AnalysisOn the analysis of the sport we can find that Formula 1 is money wearing spots, it requires large budget as an average formula one car can easily cost around $100 million dollar. On the contrary it has huge fan following, the sport is one the richest and one the viewed sports of the televisions, having viewership in hundreds of millions, making it big money spinning sport. According to sources the revenue generated by F1 from commercial right in year 2010 was an astonishing amount of $1.587 billion, which is expected to grow further in future. The sport promises to be the huge money spinner. The analysis of the BIC infrastructure and the world class facility it contains, one can say this is a worth project. BIC has successfully hosted the Indian Grand Prix twice and received and accolade from international fraternity. The chief executive officer of F1 Mr. Bernie Ecclestone has already acknowledged BIC as one the best racing circuits of the world. The investment and operational cost analysis of BIC projects shows that it requires mega budget and the operational cost of the circuit is also very high which is almost around $15 million to $20million per year.The state of art and world class facility of this circuit makes it suitable for events, which are very necessary for preventing it from becoming white elephant. The circuit is also about to host World Superbike Series. The analysis of impacts of BIC it has some positive and some negative impact. It has really boosted the infrastructural development in the area. The events like F1 race giving India Global exposure and thereby giving Indian tourism and hospitality industry a chance to grow further. The Formula 1fans follow this sport from across the globe and most of them are wealthy and ready spend for luxuries. In that way project BIC has opened render for foreign currency inflow.The projects also have some negative impact also it started on the land bought from farmers, which created controversy later and became big political issue, by from this the owner group also came under scanner for tax exemption. This project was also seen as threat to environment as it causes both air and noi se pollution. BIC has been successful in hosting twoof the mega event it has also given India a great recognition on the global world motor sport map. It is also creating employment and business opportunities.

How the Telephone Shaped Lives Essay

Telephone is not just a communication device that serves a dodge in connecting batch all around the world merely in some ways affects each of our lives mentally and emotionally to the point of becoming harmful, this jibe to John Brooks who wrote the essay The Effects of the Telephone. According to the author, It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, famine from remote places. Information and news program around the world was primarily distributed by way of a think until the emergence of todays enhanced communications technology.It is genuinely undeniable that the telephone has essentially changed our lives. It has made long distances seem close with connections between families and friends who are living far from each other. Telephone also helps a expanses economy by serving as a means in helping business grow, be it a small one or a huge multi-national corporation since transactions can be made over the phone instead of waiting a few weeks for a classi cal document to arrive.These days, telephones have been developed to transmit documents by way of fax machines. In politics, it perhaps crucially has prevented or perhaps aggravated war situations or misunderstandings among countries and nations. This has obliterated, maybe not totally, the art of letter writing and it has evolved into a faster, more efficient tools in connecting different people like the internet which has once began through telephone.These may be the diaphanous consequences of the materialization of this communication device but on the other hand, we should look at some of its psychologically destructive side. The obvious effects just cited seem inadequate, mechanistic they only scratch the surface. Perhaps the crucial effects are evanescent and immeasurable. (Brooks) The author emphasized on the psychological effects of the telephone to people wherein its actual ringing may evoke emotions according to our expectations making it our nerve-ending to the society we are in.It may evoke hope of maybe hearing a phone call that would tell you that your job application has been accepted, the relief that a loved one may be calling to set forth that she or he has arrived safely to her or his destination, the fear or anxiety of hearing bad news or emergencies if your phone rings in the nitty-gritty of the night and joy to hear the voice of a person you miss. The writer has successfully and succinctly implied not just the beneficial side of the telephone but also the mental outcomes in our human systems.He has imparted his message vividly and makes the readers realize that unknowingly some things that we have or do everyday has bit by bit affected our lives. The telephone has become an important part of a household thus, a community as well. It lends people the convenience which makes life easier but people must also examine how things like these may enslave us that may make us take important things for granted.

The Council for Exceptional Children

The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is a maestro organization that was established with the aim of improving educational outcomes for individuals with conglomerate exceptionalities and disabilities, and for the gifted.CEC functions as an advocate in seeking for appropriate governmental policies and rightting headmaster standards a supporter for the underserved individuals with exceptionalities and for the professionals who are in need of resources for their professional practice a provider of various programs, conventions and conferences for professional development and a publisher of journals, newsletters, and other educational resources for administrators, teachers, students, parents, paraprofessionals, and support service providers (CEC, 2008). CEC WebsiteThe Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) website is filled with an force of information that will benefit extra education professionals and parents who are involved in the care and education of exceptional individ uals. At an initial glance, the website appears to be overcome for readers who whitethorn be technologically challenged or those who do not manipulation the internet often. The headline news and information that is located at the center of the webpage may attract the attention of the readers who may not be familiar with CEC and those who may want to keep tract of the latest news.Using colorful shades of blocks to group tie in information together, e. g. CEC Communities, Teaching & Learning Center, CEC Smartbrief, CEC Events and Regional Workshops, makes it convenient for the readers to locate the topic that they need to search. In addition, having a search box is an added feature that researchers may use in getting any information related to special education, exceptional students and individuals with special needs. The inclusion of a multimedia player to enable the user to enamour a short segment of the Yes I Can awards is not only inspiring but also informative for the parents and students with disabilities. For individuals who do not have a bachelors degree, the occupational group center provides guidelines in finding degree programs in special education and the preparations needed to become a licensed special educator. For those who have earned a bachelors degree, the career center also provides options on how to obtain a license through the university programs such as graduate degrees or alternative programs. well-nigh local districts may provide evaluation of the teachers school transcripts to determine their eligibility.For those who would same to earn a degree in special education, the CEC website is a one stop career information center with database, resources, and links on financial aids and educational grants chargen by various foundations. For the educators who would like to make a difference in the lives of people with special needs, the website offers information on how to write a resume and prepare a professional portfolio. It also provid es tips on how to prepare for a job interview and makes the applicants aware about the crucial questions that may be asked in a job interview.Furthermore, the career center provides details regarding career paths related to special education that people may choose to specialize in, other than being a classroom teacher. Some career paths may include art therapist, educational audiologist, educational diagnostician, rehabilitation counselor, school psychologist, speech language pathologist, and therapeutic recreation specialist among others. Information on the occupational outlook and average salary of public school teachers taken from the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics may be viewed in the webpage.The CEC website is also an online job control panel for employers who are looking for qualified special educators and for the job seekers who are looking for new positions or opportunities to work as special education teachers. An in-depth look into the website would give the special edu cation students and educators a knowledge that CEC adheres to strict professional ethics and standard as it provides resources for the highly qualified requirements for special education teachers as set forth in the 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Act ( image) and No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).The comprehensive, easy to use resource will assist educators in determine the background special educators need to be deemed high qualified as it covers all aspects of the issue to make it easy for educators to understand the law, terminology, the requirements special educators must meet, and how IDEA and NCLB intersect.There are several research papers that can be downloaded and read online with regards to evidence-based practice, current issues, instructional strategies, CEC articles, topics related to professional practice, instruction and curriculum in field of battle areas such as arts, reading, language, math, writing, science, foreign language, physical education, speech and lang uage, self-discrimination, and social skills.To keep abreast on the latest news, technology advancement, and topics related to special education, readers may need to the CEC Smartbrief or to some CEC publications, e. g. Exceptional Children, Teaching Exceptional Children, CEC Today, Teaching Exceptional Children Plus (TEC Plus), and Life Centered Career Education (LCCE). There are online courses for inveterate education, web seminars, and regional workshops for SPED practitioners.Special education professionals and students from different countries may join the CEC blog, interact and share information related to teaching strategies, classroom management, behavior modification, and individual educational program. Conclusion The Council for Exceptional Children website has a wealth of information for parents of children with exceptionalities, special education teachers, students and paraprofessionals.The website is filled with resources for individuals who intend to become special e ducators as well as practitioners who would like to enhance their knowledge and skills through the online professional development courses, web seminars, regional workshops or customize training. The blog offered by CEC is a site where special education teachers can share their expertise and contribute to improve the quality of life and education for persons with exceptionalities. Reference Council for Exceptional Children (2008). About CEC. Retrieved on June 20, 2008 from http//www. cec. sped. org/AM/Template. cfm? Section=About_CEC.

Paltas

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs by Bob Poston, cst An Exercise in Personal Exploration Maslows Hierarchy of inevitably is a valuable assessment tool that is physical exercised in many different professions, particularly those in the fields of education and health cargon. the ideas of penurys argon addressed in order, as the body resolves the most basic needs for survival before moving on to much multiform needs. M ny educational programs in the health care field t separately Maslows power structure in order to address the needs of patients and where they are in their life from a psycho dianoetic perspective, simply because it servicings identify and address the needs of those particular patients. The idea of using a hierarchy gain helps us to rest out the stages of need, starting with the base of the pyramid, which looks at physiological needs. As we work our stylus up the pyramid, the needs start to become more(prenominal) complex, and include safety needs, neighborly nee ds, esteem needs, and fin eithery, at the truly top, we yield self-actualization.This article explores the theories of Abraham Maslow in detail, as head as addresses the controversies that have been questi unrivaledd in his theory. This article get out in like manner evaluate the impact of these theories on human conduct and assess each of the components comprised within Maslows Hierarchy Pyramid. learning OBJec tives s identify the different take aims of Maslows Hierarchy of needs s Compare and contrast the differences between existence needs and deficit needs s explain the process of selfactualization s catch how Maslows Hierarchy of needs impacts patient careBiographical outline Born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New York, Abraham Maslow was the first of seven nipperren. 1 The son of under-educated Jewish immigrants, Maslow didnt have many friends as a young s Consider the ch eachenges to Maslows theories and formulate a response 2009 Association of Surgical Technolog ists For reproduce leave emailprotected org rarified 2009 the surgical engineer 347 food and play, they would in more cases choose the food. The same was true when it came to the monkeys choice between water and food.The water would alship keisteral be chosen as the Selfpriority over food. Self-fulfullment actualization needs achieving ones As the observations continued, a full potential, pattern emerged. Maslow could see, on including creative a physiological level, that if the monactivities keys didnt have food, but had water, Esteem needs the group was less aggressive than prestige and finding of accomplishment Psychological those that had the water taken away(p) needs Belongingness and love needs from them. 1 The same held true with intimate relationships, friends safety needs.If all of the physiologi guard duty needs cal needs were met, then the monkeys security, safety Basic behavior became more profound when needs Physiological needs it came to establishing social r oles and food, water, warmth, rest dominance. Maslow later transitioned this idea over to human behavior and was able to establish physiological needs over barbarian, but found his sense of self by reading books. He safety needs, safety needs over belongingness needs, belongbegan his college journey by attending metropolis College of New ingness needs over esteem needs, and esteem needs.The York, and later transferred to Cornell University, before needs, in knock over, form the first four components of the pyragoing back to City College of New York. After real(a)izing a mid, and are addressed as deficit needs. Self-actualization, keen interest in psychology, he dissembled to Wisconsin, where the fifth component, addresses the need of being, which he studied at the University of Wisconsin. Throughout defines ones own place in the universe. the 1930s, Maslow earned his BA, MA and PhD. Later, When an soulfulness does not have bountiful of mostthing, he returned to New York, wher e he not only taught full he or she has a deficit, ultimately creating what Maslow has time at Brooklyn College, but he also became provoke in termed deficit needs. 1 When individuals eat and drink, human sexuality. for example, the need for water and food is met, so there Maslow served as chair of the Department of Psy- is no time-consuming a motivating factor to obtain water or food, chology at Brandeis from 1951-61. While there, he met and the deficit need has temporarily been satisfied. Deficit a salubrious-established researcher named Kurt Goldstein, who needs comprise or make up the four rase components of finded the idea of self-actualization. This conception Maslows hierarchy pyramid. fascinated Maslow, and it was through this impulse that he On the other hand, Maslow also mentions the idea of pursued the idea of humanistic psychology, which he ultibeing needs. Being needs have nothing to do with deficit mately valued more than his own research.Maslow died needs. B eing needs are internal, and are at the very top of on June 8, 1970. 1 Maslows hierarchy pyramid, which ties into self-actualization. 2 An example here might be drawing ones own conclucreating the hierarchy of needs sions of where and who he or she is spiritually. This internal Abraham Maslow is well known for the creation of the concept is addressed as self-actualization. hierarchy of needs. The way he came up with this idea The following sections of this article go out address each was by studying and observing monkeys.During observalevel of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in more detail in an tion, he noticed that they displayed a very uncommon pattern effort to see how they apply to individuals, and how they of behavior that addressed priorities based on individual tail end define who and where an individual is in his or her life. needs. If, for example, the monkeys had a choice between FIGURE 1 MASLOWS HIERARCHY PYRAMID 348 the surgical technologist AUGUST 2009 2009 Associatio n of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission emailprotected orgPHYSIOLOGICAL need fully With so many different capabilities, from the regulation of temperature and endocrine glands to the processing of water, food and the elimination of waste, the living body is the most unique machine in the universe. Despite its sexual congress fragility, the human body can live for many years. Every single detail is so integral, from how the body processes oxygen through millions and millions of tissue cells, to the thousands of miles of arteries that carry blood and nutrients to those tissues. With this being said, there is still the need to meet the very basic essentials of ife the body essential take on oxygen, water and food. Before any get ahead growth can take place, this very basic need has to be met. This is what Maslow addresses as a physiological needthe need for the body to work in unison to accomplish the task of basic survival. Physiological needs are influenced for the m ost part through the cravings that we have. If a psyche is thirsty, he or she finds a crapulence fountain. Similarly, if the individual is hungry, he or she will find food. If the body is being deprived of oxygen, it will surely react. If there is a vitamin deficiency, the body has subtle ways of fulfilling that need.One example of how the body regulates itself on a physiological level is by homeostasis. Homeostasis simply means to regulate. A part of the human brain, called the hypothalamus, plays an important role in keeping the body regulated by controlling the bodys thermostat, which is controlled by the release of several hormones called gonadotropins. If a female produces too much estrogen, the hypothalamus releases a hormone called luteinizing hormone that triggers ovulation, therefore acting like a shut-off switch for the amount of estrogen present.If the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxin, the hypothalamus produces a hormone to switch off the flow of the thyroxin. T hese are Throughout life, the idea of physiological needs carcass consistent. The need to maintain adequate physiological residue will always be essential just a few examples of homeostasis at work, however, there are many circulatory hormones that are needed to maintain dominion bodily functions. Another prime example is the release of the fight or flight hormones that are secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands.If there is a need for the body to defend itself, these hormones will surge into action to prepare the body for fight or flight. These hormones, although they play an important role, are kept in compliance by regulatory mechanisms within the brain. 3 Throughout life, the idea of physiological needs remains consistent. The need to maintain adequate physiological balance will always be essential, and whitethorn kick into action in very different ways at various different times, whether the individuals experiencing it are cognisant of it or not.For example, h ow would anyone ever get a good nights sleep if they had to literally think nigh their breathing pattern, heart rate or blood pressure on a conscious level? Sure some(prenominal) state may have to get up during the night to use the restroom or grab a glass of water, but remember that this is all part of how the body regulates itself. The notion that physiological needs tie into other, more complex needs of the hierarchy is very relevant. Maslow The basic principles of Maslows hierarchy have been observed in primates. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission emailprotected rg AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 349 Again, this need will change depending on where an individual is in his or her life. For a young pip-squeak, approvalseeking behaviors may become more commonplace. The child may engage in activities to get his or her parents attention by exploring or asking lots of questions. In a sense, the child needs to feel an emotional or social conn ection with SAFET Y NEEDS his or her parents. As the child evolves into a teenager, he Much like physiological needs require aid throughout life, so does the need to feel secure.This need is or she will more than promising become more socially active in more psychological. With that being said, safety needs may peer groups. Generally, whatever gets reinforced, supported, be different for each individual, depending on where he or or accepted by these peer groups will very much determine which type of group the adolescent will affiliate him or herself she is in life. For a child, this need may manifest as the need with. This idea can be noticed at any point throughout an individuals life. Safety needs may be different for each individual, depending on As youths ature into adulthood, they tend to affiliate with those indiwhere he or she is in life. For a child, this need may manifest as viduals or groups who accept them. A sense or a need to belong, at any the need for a safe famil y environment. in that obedience has to be security stage, is influenced by several factors. in the home, with warmth and love. Some of these influences, for example, are socio-economic influences the education level of parents and family, 4 the neighborhood in which the child grows up and the type for a safe family environment.There has to be security in the home, with warmth and love. When a family is dysfunc- of schools where they are educated, as well as the children tional, it makes it difficult for that child to move up to the who attend those schools. Whatever type of behavior is learned and accepted, based on these variables, is likely the near level of social needs because fear is often present. For adults, this need may be economic in nature. If a behavior that will form a particular individuals character person loses his or her job, for example, fear and anxiety and egoism.The level of belonging must be established because of its will have an impact on that persons so cial life, and may effect on ones self-esteem. If the level of belonging in the cause him or her to arrested development. 5 Additionally, adults are not hierarchy cast is low, or an individual is viewed negatively immune to the need of safety. In some parts of the world, where there is chaos, raft are stuck at this level of need- by peers in that group, he or she may develop social anxiety ing to feel safe. The goal of consistently meeting the need for and may withdraw toward a level of people in which he or safety is to have stability in ones life.It is the idea of being she fits in socially. If a child grows up in a neighborhood able to walk around the block at night without the worry of where there are street gangs, and attends schools in that being mugged. It is the idea of feeling secure in the work- neighborhood with the families of those street gangs, then place. It is conclusive that fear hinders ones ability to move the likeliness of the child to adapt and take on that form of character becomes more likely. According to Maslow, the on to the more advanced platforms of Maslows pyramid. eason for this behavioral pattern is likely due to the peer groups that the child grew up with. BELONGING NEEDS This is not meant to imply that all children who grow up Advancing up the hierarchy pyramid, the next level reprein this type of neighborhood will join a gang, simply that sents the need to belong on a social level. The social level generally becomes the priority only after the physiological there is a higher likelihood of that outcome. On the other and safety needs have been sufficiently met and maintained. and, if a child is brought up in a more affluent neighborhood, it is likely that the parents will also be more educated. A sense of belonging can be felt when an individual becomes more cogitate on the believe to build relationships with others. In this scenario, it is more likely that the child will develop This includes the desire for a romantic par tner, to have close and adapt to the peer groups in which education is more of a priority. The influence in a childs upbringing starts friends, and maybe to get married and have children. 1 elieved that once the physiological needs are met in sufficient detail, people move on to address these more complex needs. Safety and security make up the next platform of the pyramid. 350 the surgical technologist AUGUST 2009 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission emailprotected org with a home and family that secures the previous levels of Maslows hierarchy by meeting and maintaining the foundation levels of needs. Relieving any anxiety or fear will help put more emphasis on social development, and with this will come a healthier self-esteem.ESTEEM NEEDS Once the needs of physiology, safety and belonging have been met, the individual will now move on to the needs of their self-esteem. Self-esteem, like all the prior needs, must also be maintained. This is the high est platform in the kinsfolk of deficit needs. 1 The process of growth, when addressing ones self-esteem, builds the bridge to ones awareness. Self-esteem begins to establish itself in life as early as age ii. Maslows hierarchy addresses two levels of self-esteem. One of those is a lower level and the other is a higher level.Maslows hierarchy is a bipartizan street. A person can spend a lifetime traveling between the two extremes. The lower form of self-esteem is directly related to an individuals ego, meaning that there is a strong need to be respected by others. 4 Within this lower form, the individual still remains focused on acceptance by others. This lower form of self-esteem is met when an individual has established a level of status, recognition, fame, reputation and appreciation, just to name a few. These areas in a persons life take work to maintain.They may also require some reinforcement or validation of some kind in order for this lower form of self-esteem to be maint ained. The higher form of self-esteem that Maslow addresses is that of self-respect. This higher form of self-esteem requires less maintenance because through accomplishment, it becomes a permanent part of who the individual is. We can say that once a person has gained respect for himself or herself, it is much harder to lose that respect or to have it taken away. People on the higher end of selfesteem generally like who they are.The idea of confidence in ability, the mastery of something, or the competence that is established in what these people do, supports this higher form of self-esteem. These forms of self-esteem should not be confused with an individual having high or low self-esteem. Individuals with low self-esteem often have a low opinion of themselves and their self-image. As a result, inferiority complexes are present in the individual. With this idea in mind, Maslow contends that the majority of peoples psychological problems are due to low self-esteem.The realism here is that if a person dont like himself or herself, or who he or she is or what he or she has accomplished, then that person will be more critical of himself or herself. Through that process, negative self clack is born, and can create a barrier to achieving personal success. How does low self-esteem impact these lower and higher forms of selfesteem in general? If an individual has low self-esteem, the lower form of self-esteem affects the individual on a social level. The individual may, for example, constantly attempt to seek or validate feedback and acceptance on a social level from his or her peers.With regard to the higher form of selfesteem, in the individual with low selfesteem may display a lack of respect for himself or herself and the expectations that they place upon themselves would be unrealistic, or perhaps in some cases these expectations would be placed by others rather than being placed by the individuals themselves. It is amazing that all of the prior needs within Maslows hierarchy, including physiological, safety, and even belongingness needs are frequently met, especially in modern society and developed countries.Imagine if more people just had a little respect for themselves in the grand scheme of things. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission emailprotected org AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 351 THE dispute As we take a look at Abraham Maslows hierarchy pyramid, there is some controversy as to how it relates directly to humanistic psychology. Is there enough evidence to support this hierarchy when it comes right down to how people develop emotionally?Maslow set forth with the notion that these stages along Self-actualizers are focused on what matters most in defining the course of development match up with how people experience psychowho they are. Once self-respect is gained, the individual can take logical growth. The primary contention is that a more proactive approach to bettering themselves, as we ll as anyone in society can regress back to, being able to remain focused on resolving any dilemmas or value an alternative aspect of the hierarchy pyramid in a way that is not parallel with Maslows model.For example, some cultures may be more fixated on belongto figure out, or it can be the determining factor of how well ing over safety, or esteem over belonging. 5 To answer these he or she is connected with his or her self and abilities. People who are self-actualizers are focused on what challenges, many experts believe that Abraham Maslows matters most in defining who they are. Once self-respect is hierarchy doesnt always follow in grade with how it gained, the individual can take a more proactive approach was intended.If the notion of self-esteem, for example, is thought to develop in children as early as two years of age, to bettering themselves, as well as being able to remain focused on resolving any dilemmas that may arise regarding then wherefore does Maslow address est eem needs so high up in the deficit stages. Self-actualizers may be more generative in the hierarchy pyramid? Humanistic psychology does challenge some of these notions, even though Maslow was a the sense that the focus is no longer as much about pleasbeliever in humanistic psychology. ng others as it is giving back or sharing this part of who Another oft-challenged aspect of his work is that Maslow they are. 6 In other aspects, it can also appear to be spiritual. himself defined self-actualizers as people of great accomLooking at ones life as to who he or she is in the universe is a good example. Once a person is able to come to terms plishment, such as former presidents, dignitaries and great discoverers. With that being said, it is very difficult to place with who they are, and they are ultimately satisfied with an emphasis on the concept of self-actualization.How sigthat, then they have truly reached the point of being able nificant is the concept of the self-actualizer? The onl y way to self-actualize. With this level of intuition comes a sense of peace, which that to answer that question is to say that all people are at in turn serves as a motivator to focus on more advanced different stages of development, and all of them are selftasks in life, such as supporting the honourable and ethical stan- actualizers in some form. SELF-ACTUALIzATION Self-actualization is defined by Maslow as the single component of being within the hierarchy model.Being, in this sense, means not being a part of the deficit needs as they appear within the lower chain of the hierarchy. 1 This need is independentthere must be some accomplishment of all the other deficit needs, which are best defined as what we appear to be, according to the standards of society. Selfactualization is the internal dialogue that everyone establishes at some point in their lives. In order to do that, there must be some establishment or satisfaction of the prior needs. Once all of the previous needs have been met, an individual can direct his or her focus toward a true calling.Usually when a person is hungry, or they dont feel safe, or they feel unloved, the focal point leans towards resolving those issues, therefore disrupting the focus on self-actualizing. With self-actualization, being able to pinpoint how one truly feels about something is often a little more challenging dards in life. There is a more in-depth focus on bettering oneself and expanding ones knowledge and talents. The real definition to self-actualizing is getting to know oneself, while being okay and unconditionally accepting of whatever it is that he or she discovers.The question every individual must face is, do you like and accept who you are? Once that question is answered, then self-respect is gained. Once an individual establishes that respect for his or herself, no one can take that away. In this context, Abraham Maslow is justified in establishing self-actualization in a category by itself that quantifies the need of being separately from the need of deficit. 352 the surgical technologist AUGUST 2009 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission emailprotected org verview When looking at Maslows hierarchy pyramid, an important concept to remember is that anyone at anytime can regress back to any point within the hierarchy structure that Maslow addresses. How does this impact human behavior? Looking back at the very basics of physiological needs for example, people need to feel good. It does not matter if a person is employed as a janitor or a top-notch cardiac surgeon, if he or she is diagnosed with a disease that impacts them physically, he or she is likely to regress back towards satisfying any physiological needs that may come about.The unnatural individuals attitude towards the prognosis of this disease will likely contribute towards a shift in his or her priorities. Emotionally, the feelings of love and belonging may be impacted in the sense that they ma y want to ensure that their loved ones are safe when they pass. With regard to esteem, for some, there may be a great sense of loss, while others may come to terms with the fact. With that being said, there are circumstances that affect each individual with regard to where he or she stands in the hierarchy pyramid. Is everyone a self-actualizer? Yes. For each individual, this experience is different.It is experienced at different depths depending on individual life experiences. The more in stimulate one is with ones inner self, the better he or she can control, and often master, ones self-talk. It is also important to remember that all individuals are constantly impacted by the forces of life, some of which are far beyond personal control. When the opportunity arises to experience this hierarchy, and the needs of deficit are fully met, it allows the individual to make a closer connection with the concept of self-actualization. Also, when these deficit needs are met, self-actualizat ion, in a sense, is likely to become even more enhanced.The bottom line is that everyone is effected emotionally at every level of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. If early life experiences as a child are positive, and needs are being met, that individual will surpass in the area of self-confidence and self-esteem at much faster rate. It helps to establish a strong foundation for life. Later, the individual is able to establish a much stronger set of coping mechanisms when one of the deficit needs isnt being met. Additionally, when perverse circumstances confront the individual, he or she is often better-equipped with the ability to problem solve and confront the challenge confidently.Conversely, if early life experiences as a child are negative, and needs are not met, that individuals foundation isnt as secure, and he or she is not as likely to excel in selfconfidence and self-esteem, rather, he or she is likely to get trapped a state of constantly seeking approval from peers. He or s he may develop a fear of making mistakes. The majority falls somewhere in between what is positive in life and what is negative. Ultimately, individuals who develop a strong, well-established foundation are likely to be emotionally strong and can exercise a stronger sense of self control.Those whose foundation is shaky and not very stable will focus more on protecting it, therefore having less confidence in that foundation. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Robert A Poston, cst has been a surgical technologist since 1993. He began his work in education with Concorde Career College in North Hollywood, California in 1997. He has been a guest speaker with the California State assembly of Surgical Technologists in 2001 and 2003. Robert Poston is currently the Program Chair for Surgical Technology at Everest College in Thornton, Colorado. He has also served as an item writer for the guinea pig Certification Exam for Surgical Technology.RefeRences 1. Boeree, George C. Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970. Persona lity Theories. 2006. Available at http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/maslow. html. Accessed 4/9/2009. 2. BambooWeb Dictionary. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. 2009. Available at http//www. bambooweb. com/articles/m/a/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs. html. Accessed 4/9/2009. 3. Applegate, Edith. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System. 2000. p 214-215. 4. Drinnien, Beverly Irwin, Donald Simons, Janet. PsychologyThe Search for Understanding. West Publishing Company. New York. 1987. Available at http//honolulu. awaii. edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/ teachtip/maslow. htm. Accessed 4/9/2009. 5. NetMBA Business friendship Center. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. 2007. Available at http//www. netmba. com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/. Accessed 4/9/2009. 6. Van Wagner, Kendra. Self-Actualization and the Hierarchy of Needs. 2009. Available at http//psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/ hierarchyneeds_2. htm. Accessed 4/9/2009. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For repri nt permission emailprotected org AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 353

Account Supervisor

The print ad was slapstick and only located on their blob, but blew up Like wild fire. People rewetted their post on Twitter, and before I k refreshing It, every social network I had was buzzing with the news. astir(predicate) the consumers that this advertisement targets. Determine how the ad is victimisation these perceived assumptions to evoke a consumer response. In my many years of graphic design and advertising experience, I watch learned that sometimes less is more. For this vocalisationicular business they pride themselves on being different, taking different approaches but staying modest at the same time.Being part of their community as much as possible and supporting local fashion shows, new up and coming underground artists, hosting events at their store. This two-brother management squad knows how to stay true to their brand by exposing themselves in subtle ways and building long lasting sincere relationships. The one thing all Pittsburgh great deal have in common i s the fact they are all die hard sports fanatics. What better way to bring a community together, than by using the symbolic Pittsburgh area code, in the black and gold color way.James Neal is in the public eye on and off the ice but has become an iconic Pittsburgh Penguin hockey player. The collaboration of the hockey player and Superheroes was no gamble for success. The ad was released last year before the playoffs and every sports fan whether or not they were a dedicated consumer, instantly became interested in the little store named Superheroes. Consumers are becoming so savvy that tillers simply cant settle for anything less than perfection in all aspects of the business. The onus is on companies to give consumers what they want and deserve.Technology and culture have aligned to create a perfect opportunity for consumers to drive a new era in retail, one in which they have the chance to support brands that they believe in. Companies that have heart can rise to the top. (Winthro p, fascinations. Com) 3. Determine at least one (1) consumer group that the ad excludes, and provide a rationale for why the ad would not appeal to the group(s) that you have identified. Anyone not a Pittsburgh sports fan and/or from the city of Pittsburgh wouldnt know the meaning behind the number on the shirt. Consumer groups often include hundreds or thousands of members, often connected via the Internet, that share common concerns about a marketplace. (http//smellinesss. Chronic. Com) However, when a successful product is introduced to the sport market, this opens a whole new window of opportunity. Sports Teams and large retailers could eventually buy a small company the like itself out, giving everyone in the nation an opportunity to arches a logo tee by placing it in the lime light. 4.Evaluate this advertisement and its relationship with cultural values (I. E. encounter if the ad is designed to emphasize a set of values or if it is designed to change a cultural value in so ciety). The ad is accentuation Pittsburgh cultural values by creatively intertwining two resources that support and represent their city. When you communicate across a multicultural work force, its important to respect distributively other. You have to be very sensitive to difference and then you will get better exults. I like to talk with images.

Purhsing Paper Can Be Fun Essay

Question What Performance problems is the original trying to correct.Ans 1 measly Reporting Performance among the employees.Question Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to diagnose the possible causes of the unacceptable behavior.Ans 2 possible causes for the unacceptable behavior is as follows MARS Model There are four main factors that directly influence an employees voluntary behavior and resulting performance. Employee pauperization There was no clear motivation for employees to do their job perfectly as required. Motivation does not mean only financial motivation peck are motivated not only with money but also with an appreciation by the leaders of the company is enough to motivate them and pump in the force required to do the job with intensity. Captain must have set some goals which on achieving, the employees get recognition through an appreciation letter at least from the higher ranked personnel in the organization, keeping in mind that he was under the budget crunch which limited him in motivating employees by rewarding them financially.Ability Analyzing the employees based on their capabilities was one of the cause. You depart find some people whose interest is in doing the office work, captain should have recognize the skills and knowledge and segregate the work within depending on their capabilities. Coaching was also missing by the captain. Role Perceptions They were aware about the consequences for inadequately doing the reporting as they were having issues when the case reached the court. Captain should have given them priorities from their various responsibilities by explaining them that the what matters is the quality of the work and not quantity.This would have helped them to improve. Situational Factors As captain explained they set-up the team up competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the leaders were not committed and none of them were receiving any type of rewards for winning the competition. L eadership is responsible for the well-being of the employee in the company so they need to be committed. Question Has the captain considered all the possible solutions to the problem? IF not what else might be done?AnsNOWhat else can be done is as follows1. Task related trainings should be provided to strengthen the capabilities of the employees. 2. Improved Employee Engagement should be done, by recognizing the best employees, rewarding them which will boost their moral and they will feel that they are an integral part of the team. He can set-up a mechanism, like Employee of the Month Award and can viewing it in the office. 3. Coaching is also an important aspect of the leader, as a leader he should coach his team as and when required.

Discrimination faced by LGBT Essay

IntroductionThere score been several(prenominal) anti- experiencely bills introduced in several states across the res publica in which some states be against and some atomic number 18 for the bill. We would like to discuss the issues that the lesbian, brave, sissy and transgender (LGBT) individuals have typesetters cased across the nation by presenting the facts from reliable sources. The issues, ch everyenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force allow be brought to our attention. We would like to explain how society has identified this group and the effectual issues they face. We plan to deal with the social, economic, religious, and governmental feeling of LGBT rights while living in this country and other countries through with(predicate) out the world. Different states have different ideas about the credenza and rejection of LGBT. We would like to focus on the issues, laws, identities, challenges, opportunities, solution, and discriminat ive actions that LGBT individuals encounter through the labor force as well as in society. break throughs, Challenges, and OpportunitiesWhile the LBGT communities bear upon to face disparity in the work pop, in that respect have been laws set in motion and heretofore passed giving them the equal rights as other citizens of our country. Some LGBT workers have reported some form of anguish and mistreatment on the job across the years, causing a great impact on our nations views. The workplace abuses have posed a real and immediate threat to our economic security. We feel that congress should quickly pass the Employment Non- secretion Act (ENDA) to ensure that all Americans ar judged in the workplace, non harmonise to their identity, merely rather according to their skills, qualifications, and quality of work they perform. Too many are judged according to their familiar and gender identity rather than their performances. A lady by the name of Dolores Huerta gave a rousing linguistic process back in 2009, at the National Conferences on LGBT par, urging a change in the labor, race, and LGBT tendency for a better future.Within certain areas, there are now laws inplace which prohibits exercising discrimination against public and private workers on the basis of their gender identity and commoveual orientation however, until these laws are taken serious, the LGBT workers in state and local government will continue to face un-equality and discrimination on the job. Without certain laws passed, they will be unable to take wakeless action to protect themselves and their families. Some of the challenges they face are Social Security survivors benefits, paid to the identical sex life match of some champion who dies, their medical regulations, social insulations, ageism, and hospital visitation with the right to die in the same nurse home of same sex partners. There are tax laws and other regulations of 401Ks and pensions that also discriminate against same sex partners. Today the LGBT now have opportunities in the labor force that allows them to entert ask, dont tell (DADT) which is a policy regarding the LGBT serving in the military.They now have the opportunity for equality as other citizens, academic achievements, benefits of same sex marriages under federal law, equal employment benefits, effectual permanent residency, and domestic partnership benefits. The increased visibility of LGBT deal, combined with more assertive demands for equal rights, has generated abundant legal action. For the past decade, federal, state, and municipal legislators debated changes in legislation that would affect LGBT minorities in al virtually every aspect of their lives, including violence and harassment, employment and housing discrimination, adoption and child care, domestic partner benefits, and the freedom to link. In some jurisdictions, the legal changes are widespread in others, however, there has been little or no change (Harvey & Al lard, 2009, p. 211). How fraternity Views LGBTSociety has discriminated against the LGBT confederacy for a long time, but in most present and recent story acceptance of the LGBT alliance, they have grown however, there is still almost complete polarization to how accepted the community is. In a study from the University of Chicago, from 1973, based upon the question of whether or not sexual relations among two adults of the same sex is acceptable, 69.7 percent of the tidy sum participating stated it to be completely out of the question and only 10.7 percent stated it to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Where as to the same survey that took place in 2010, 43.5 percent stated homosexual acts to beunacceptable and 40.6 percent stated homosexual relations to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Why has there been such a change? Well, the studyity of acceptance comes from younger generations beingness more socially open, as to older generations who have grown into their own opinions already. other reason is media as stated here as society has become more accepting of frolicsome people, the media has presented increasingly positive images of intrepids and lesbians, succeeding generations are raised with more tolerant attitudes (Gossett & Lewis 2008)Politics behind inequality against the LGBT CommunityIn a political view, being homosexual has been an extremely large subject that has leave the LGBT Community at a constant struggle for equal rights. A major issue the LGBT community faces is the denial of the right to join and receive the benefits of marriage under state recognition. Due to the balancing of powers that our country is built upon, it is each individual states duty to recognize what it viewed as right or wrong in the states community. Unfortunately same-sex marriage has been ban within the vast majority of states within the united States. There are currently only 17 states, which have legalized same-sex marriage (17 States). Same-s ex marriage has been a major dispute for ethical righteousness since May 18th, 1970. On that very day two men in Minnesota applied for a marriage license only to be denied the right to marry by the state judge.The two men had come to the decision to sue the judge taking the case all the way up to controlling Court only to be denied the right to marry. This case Baker v. Nelson has been use since then to block efforts for marriage equality (Gay trade union). Another obstacle to equality is the adoption law. There are many states that require strict qualifications to adopt, and adoption is currently legal within 21 states and D.C. (Parenting Laws). Under subject field law there are currently anti-discrimination laws within housing, employment, hate crimes, conjugal visits, and military service. Discrimination toward the braw community is still very present, but it is slowly being diminished by the strong efforts of the gay community Interesting fact Under FDA policy on blood donat ions, men who have had sex with other men may not donate blood (U.S. Food and dose). Existing or Proposed Solutions of Differing GroupsThe sapphic Gay Bisexual & Transgender Project (LGBT) works for an America free of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) LGBT Project was created to provide a society where LGBT people can enjoy the constitutional rights of privacy, equality, personal autonomy, and freedom of expression and association (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). The ACLU raiseed the LGBT project in 1986 with a strategy believing that fighting for society we want not only means changing the rack of judges and government officials, but changing the way society looks at the LGBT community (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). In graze to stop discrimination, the ACLU looks to change the law and also convince Americans gender identity and sexual orientation discrimination is wrong.There are five areas at which the ACLU carry out thi s work Parenting, Youth and Schools, Basic Rights and Liberties, Relationships and Marriage, and Transgender Discrimination (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). Currently the ACLU presents more LGBT cases and advocacy initiatives than any other national nerve. With connections to legislatures and courts in all states, the ACLU is the only organization making progress in both the court of law and public opinion. How different Countries View the IssueInternationally, the issue of gay marriage can be a taboo topic, and often the endorsement and protect of homosexual couples rights are repudiated by political and customary pressures. Nonetheless, the legalization of gay marriage is gaining momentum as other countries are setting precedents by actively pursuing the rights of homosexual couples that want to marry by changing laws and widening traditional views. Currently, 15 countries have legitimatized gay marriage two of those with laws that have not yet been sanctioned (Freedom to Marry, 2013). Gay marriage is legitimate, with all marriage rights comprehensive, in the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, South Africa, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, France, Denmark, and Brazil. New Zealand and Uruguay have legalized gay marriage, but it has yet to become ordained. In addition to these countries, United States and Mexico have only legalized gay marriage and all marriage privileges inclusive, in certain regions with many other regions failing to recognize gay marriage (Freedom to Marry, 2013).Moreover, in some nations where gaymarriage is recognized and legalized, homosexual couples who wish to marry must meet the requirements set forth by the countrys government. Spain and the Netherlands require that at least one partner have legal citizenship of their country or become a resident if they wish to marry there (Moore, 2005). In the ongoing international battle to afford same-sex marriages the same rights as traditional marriages, there are countries that fail to recognize gay marriages as they are not accepted as genuine or legal, but do lend some protections of a civil union. Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are just a few countries where rights of a union are recognized, but gay marriage is not.Other CountriesAttitudes about homosexuality vary. The LGBT has faced discrimination in many other countries. In the Asia-Pacific, the majority of ASEAN nations and eastward Asian countries feel that homosexuality should be rejected. In neighboring China (the worlds most populous country) more than half of the population rejects it. In India (the second most populous country), the national Supreme Court recently re-instated a law criminalizing same-sex acts. Also, in 38 of 54 countries on the African continent, being gay is a crime. In developing countries throughout the world, homophobia and intolerance is the norm. Even Poland, once part of the precedent Soviet bloc and now a EU member s tate, favors rejection. Not very long ago, a law was passed in Russia banning gay propaganda.The law in effect makes it illegal to equate swell and gay relationships, as well as the distribution of material on gay rights. It also introduces fines for individuals and media groups found guilty of breaking the law, as well as special fines for foreigners. More recently, we witnessed the bashing lesbian, gay bi-sexual and transsexual people during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Many found it very disappointing that Russia was chosen as a legions county despite the opposition of Russias treatment of its LGBT community. Compromise/SolutionsProtecting LGBT people from violence and discrimination does not require the creation of a new set of LGBT-specific rights, nor does it require the establishment of new international gracious rights standards. The legalobligations of States to safeguard the military personnel rights of LGBT people are well established in international benignant rights law on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequently agreed international adult male rights treaties. All people, irrespective of sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, are entitled to enjoy the protections provided for by international human rights law, including in respect of rights to life, security of person and privacy, the right to be free from torture, impulsive arrest and detention, the right to be free from discrimination and the right to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. As of late, there have been many States that have made a determined effort to strengthen human rights protection for LGBT people. An array of new laws have been adopted, including laws banning discrimination, penalizing homophobic hate crimes, granting recognition of same-sex relationships, and making it easier for transgender individuals to view as official documents that reflect their preferred gender. ConclusionOver the years, lesbian, gay , bisexual and transgender individuals in the Unites States have been classified in a negative way. This group of individuals has experienced legal issues and challenges because of societys opinion on how they should live and the rights that they should have. Unfortunately, LGBT not only faces challenges in the United States, but across the world, as well. Information was presented on legal issues that have occurred. Though it has been difficult, the LGBT supporters have lobbied for equal rights and recognition. The group has made progress throughout the United States, but there are still concerns worldwide. Although there is still much work to be done to give this group the respect they deserve, continuing to educate society on the importance of diversity and equality will be essential in living harmoniously.References17 States with Legal Gay Marriage and 33 States with Same-Sex Marriage Bans Gay Marriage ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from htt p//gaymarriage.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004857 Elder, M. (2013, June 11). Russia passes law banning gay propaganda. Retrieved fromhttp//www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda Freedom to Marry. (2013). The freedom to marry internationally. Retrieved from http//www.freedomtomarry.org/landscape/entry/c/international Gay Marriage Timeline Gay Marriage ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//gaymarriage.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000030 Gossett, C., & Lewis, G. (2008). Changing earth Opinion on Same Sex Marriage The Case of California. Academia.edu. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http//www.academia.edu/539760/Changing_Public_Opinion_on_Same_Sex_Marriage_The_Case_of_California Harvey, C. P., & Allard, M. J. (2009). Understanding and Managing Diversity (4th ed.). Retrieved from Pearson Education, Inc.McDonnell, Justin (2014, February 15). Olympics cast stain on Russias LGBT discrimination . Retrieved from http//thediplomat.com/2014/02/sochi-olympics-cast- spotlight- on-russias-lgbt-discrimination/Moore, J. (2005) The battle over same-sex marriages. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/gay_marriage/unions.html Parenting Laws Joint Adoption. (n.d.). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http//www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/parenting_joint-adoption_082013.pdf Smith, T. (2011, September). Public Attitudes Toward Homosexuality. NORC. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http//www.norc.org/PDFs/2011GSSReports/GSS_PublicAttitudesTowardHomosexuality_Sept2011.pdf U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men Questions and Answers. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http//www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm

Economics Oligopoly

Main economic gass of an Oligopoly and key economic theories of determine fixing. This part of the coursework aims to happen upon and explain the main economic features of an Oligopoly and besides the key economic theories which influence the price of a reaping or service. This part deals with the theoretical aspects of Oligopoly and the later part emphasizes on the practical applications of the theories and oligopoly features.According to Pass et al (2000), Oligopoly, a type of commercialize structure is characterised by a few firms and many buyers, where the bulk of market bestow is in the control of relatively few large firms who in turn sell to many pure buyers. To describe the degree of oligopoly, concent ration ratio is often utilized. Concentration ratio is the measure of the market get by of the largest four firms in the patience expressed as a percentage. A low concentration ratio suggests a high-pitched level of argument and vice versa for.As in that location a re few players dominating the industry, for each cardinal player or an oligopolist is said or correspondingly to be aware of separates course of actions. The decision taken by atomic number 53 player seems to affect the decision taken by others and strategic planning by the firms needs to take into account the likely response of other participants (Wikipedia, 2010). For example, a proper game of swindle depends on how well you read your opponents moves, similarly in oligopoly strategies are devised unintellectuald on the moves of competing market firms.The reason for existence oligopoly as stated by Maunder et al (1991) is for the masterment of economies of scale. Firms ladder to reduce their average speak to of production by increasing their scale of operation and since the small firms gestate higher average costs, they tend to go out of business or be absorbed by the larger ones. The features of oligopoly are- a. Number of Firms-The very important feature of an oligopo ly is the number of firms. Even though there are a large number of firms operating in a particular industry, only a handful of firms hold the major manage between them. . Interdependence A very distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. When a very few large firms operate in a particular industry, their activities or schema cannot be independent of each other. Unlike monopoly, where the monopolist need not worry nigh the reply of its rivals as there are none, an oligopolist takes into consideration the possible reactions of all rival firms. For example, a fraternity considering a price reduction of its products may wish to estimate the chances of price reduction by the rival company and hence starting a price war. . Profit Maximization Condition The firms in an oligopoly generally check to co-operate and act as one monopolist as it generates high profits (Begg and Ward 2007). This good-hearted of testicle collusive mark offment is called a cartel. An oligopol y maximises profits where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. This is also cognize as profit maximization condition. Price ELASTIC UNIT ELASTIC P MC, AC PROFIT maximizing OUTPUT O MR Quantity (Source Begg and Ward 2007) d.Perfect Knowl meet Oligopolists are said to have a better knowledge about their cost and demand functions but a littleer information about other firms (Wikipedia, 2010). e. Entry Barrier One of the main important features of oligopoly also is the entry barrier. There are high entry barriers that restrain a bleak firm from entering a market. For example, the barriers can be the economies of scale, admission price to expensive and complex technology, lower costs for an established firm, brand loyalty, patented production process and strategic action by incumbent firms etc.The t subject below gives the market concentration in contrary industries. As discussed earlier, the large few firms form a cartel and set a price. Once the members of the cartel agree on the price, they compete a raisest each other using non price competition in order to gain the maximum revenue. There are other various ways in which the firms fix the price. One of them macrocosm tacit collusion, where the firms agree on a price set by an established admiter. This is also known as preponderating firm price leadership as the price setting firm is the dominant firm in the industry.The other way is the barometric firm price leadership, where the price leader is the one whose prices reflect the market conditions in the most stable form (Sloman et al, 2010). To fix prices, the producers must be able to control the market supply. The other forms of price fixing in tacit collusion is average cost determine, where producers add a certain percentage of profit on top of average costs and price benchmarking, where firms raise the price only up to a benchmark already set.Price fixing is achieved by the competing firms orgasm together on a platform where they can a gree on a common pricing and production strategy thus acting in a manner in which a monopoly operates. This kind of collusion is known as cartelisation. Cartels although banned in many countries, is difficult for the enforcement agencies to gather evidence and penalise the participants. The quantity for the cartel and the individual firm will not be the same as one firm individually will have the scope for further increase in productivity to achieve a situation where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue.In such cases firms may decide to go out front with excess supply which can lead to a price war and inconsistent revenues to the industry. Even without subject collusion firms in an oligopoly are able to reach a point of profit maximisation when they execute in a manner reflected in Nash Equilibrium (Begg and Ward 2007). 2B) look at to Home (DTH) television industry in India acting as an oligopoly. India has a total television population of about 135 jillion of which a bout 108 million have an access to cable and satellite television (Plugged in, 2010).The total DTH sub low at the end of first quarter in the year 2010 was 23 million ( process TV India Ltd, 2010) which was about just 1 million in the year 2006. Indian DTH industry has seen a flurry of activities in the recent years after a monopolistic reign by Dish TV for a couple of years. It is currently in a state of Oligopoly with the top four operators controlling nearly 80% of the total market. The major players in the market are Dish TV by Zee group, TataSky- a joint venture by Tata and Star TV, Big TV by Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, Digital TV by Bharati Telemedia and SUN Direct from fair weather TV.Since there are only 3 major players in the DTH market, Indian DTH industry is an oligopoly. (Indiadth, 2010) The product offering by the rival firms are more or less similar in nature with little or no product differentiation. Amongst all the players, Sun Direct has essentially remained a re gional operator who made a late debut in the field scene. The content or the carry are same with all the operators barring few omissions and additions. The DTH industry market office is as follows. BRAND MARKET SHARE Dish TV 30%TataSky 22% Sun Direct 25% Big Tv 13% Airtel 8% D2H 2% (Source http//www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/) From the data supra we can see that Dish TV, TataSky and Sun Direct together hold the maximum market share with over 75%. (Source http//www. slideshare. acquit/) To confirm the oligopoly, we can use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index or the HHI. It measures the size of the firms in relation to the industry and also indicates the amount of competition between them. Mathematically, (Adapted from Pass et al, 2000)Here Si = market share of firm i in the market and N is the number of firms. Hence H = 302 + 222 + 252 + 132 + 82 + 22 H = 2246. With this value of H we can conclude that this industry is an oligopoly. Although there is no indication of an unresolved collusion in the industry, a closer look at their price plan (fig 1. 1) can lead us to a strategic or tacit understanding between the players. The market is abuzz with merchandising drives to garner market share and the customer is currently loaded with freebies like free installation, free channels and the like.Going by the level of investment and infrastructure the operators need to garner as much subscriber base as possible to be in a profitable proposition. They are however aware of the competition and are refraining from a price war. Such behaviour of the operators is characteristic of a non-price competition in Oligopoly. This is repayable to the interdependency of firms in the oligopoly and the strategic behaviour can also be referred to the Nash Equilibrium (Begg and Ward 2007). (Source Slideshare. net/researchonIndia) Brand Name PricePlan(inINR)/month Dish TV 135. 0 TataSky 150. 00 Sun Direct 115. 00 Videocon 136. 00 Fig 1. 1 (Source Company websites, 20 10) Now as in any oligopoly, it has to be supported by entry barriers, both(prenominal) endogenous and exogenous. The natural barrier of entry in this particular industry is primarily associated with government licensing and also the intensity of capital investment required. Given that all the DTH operators are already established players in think sectors such as telecom, media it gives them a strategic advantage in terms of distribution and content.For any new entrant it could pose as a strategic entry barrier. Indian DTH market has constantly been attracting different players over the years given the increasing number of television subscribers. Although there have been entry barriers, companies like Videocon along with its cutting edge technology entered into the market in the presence of established players. The cutting edge technology proved to be a barrier breaker. Videocon managed to build television sets with set top boxes which helped it break-dance its own customer base. References Begg, D. , and Ward, D. (2007). political economy for Business, 2nd edition. Berkshire McGraw Hill Publication. Christopher Pass, Bryan Lowes and Leslie Davies (2000). Economics, 3rd edition. HarperCollins Publishers. DTH, (2010). http//www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/ Accessed 21/11/2010 Dish TV, (2010). http//www. dishtv. in/packages. aspx Accessed 21/11/2010 Indiadth, (2010). http//www. indiadth. in/ Accessed 22/11/2010 Maunder, P. , Myers, D. , Wall, N. , and Miller, R. L. 1991) Economics Explained, 2nd edition. Collins Educational. Sloman, J. , and Hinde, K. (2007). Economics for business, 4th edition. Essex Pearson Education Limited. Sun Direct, (2010). http//www. sundirect. com/packages. php Accessed 22/11/2010 Tata Sky, (2010). http//www. tatasky. com/channel-packages. html Accessed 22/11/2010 Videocon, (2010). http//www. videocond2h. com/wsc/packages. html Accessed 22/11/2010 Wikipedia, (2010). Oligopoly. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oligopoly Accessed 21/11/2010)